第三集2021-06-25

中共為什么贏(yíng)得中國

.在北京天安門(mén)廣場(chǎng)中心的人民英雄紀念碑的碑身上，刻有這樣一句話(huà)：“三年以來(lái)，在人民解放戰爭和人民革命中犧牲的人民英雄們永垂不朽！”這三年，訴說(shuō)了中國人民解放軍在解放戰爭中百折不撓的壯麗史詩(shī)，鐫刻了中華民族為祖國和人民奮斗的信仰。為什么中國共產(chǎn)黨能夠取得人民解放戰爭的偉大勝利？根源在于：軍隊打勝仗，人民是靠山。

在這場(chǎng)戰爭中，中國共產(chǎn)黨緊緊依靠人民群眾，獲得了排山倒海的力量，結束了國民黨的反動(dòng)統治，建立了嶄新的中華人民共和國。

1946年戰爭爆發(fā)前夕，國民黨不僅在軍隊人數上，還是武器裝備等方面，均有壓倒性的優(yōu)勢，甚至還有美國撐腰。

所以，蔣介石滿(mǎn)懷信心地認為，共產(chǎn)黨很快會(huì )被殲滅。但是，歷史卻選擇了這個(gè)看似“弱小”的一方。而造成這種反差的原因是什么？蔣介石是如何將一手好牌打得稀爛的？

張學(xué)良曾在晚年的口述歷史中給出了答案，在他看來(lái)，共產(chǎn)黨之所以能發(fā)展壯大，就是因為共產(chǎn)黨順應了民意。

就在國民黨的軍政高管們忙著(zhù)斂財、壓榨人民、黨內派系勾心斗角的時(shí)候。共產(chǎn)黨人提出了一個(gè)口號——“一切可能下鄉的干部要統統到農村中去”。

據軍旅作家王樹(shù)增采訪(fǎng)回憶，在淮海戰役打響的時(shí)候，村中一位老人參加了支前大軍，為了把炮彈運輸給解放軍，他推著(zhù)小車(chē)，走了三、四百里的路。遇到雨天，他擔心炮彈受潮打不響，就把自己的衣服脫下來(lái)蓋在炮彈上。

運到淮海戰場(chǎng)后，也沒(méi)有急著(zhù)回老家，而是一定要看著(zhù)炮彈打出去才放心。那時(shí)，供應解放軍前線(xiàn)的物資運送，幾乎全靠百姓們肩挑背負、小車(chē)推送。

新中國成立后，有人問(wèn)淮海戰役指揮者陳毅，這場(chǎng)戰役是怎么打贏(yíng)的，陳毅說(shuō)，是老百姓用小車(chē)推出來(lái)的。

由于多年的戰亂，中國經(jīng)濟遭受極大破壞，農業(yè)生產(chǎn)力極度低下，亟待恢復與重建。為了保障農民生存利益，共產(chǎn)黨提出要解決農民土地問(wèn)題。

1946年5月4日，中共中央發(fā)布了《五四指示》，宣布改變過(guò)去的減租減息政策，改為將地主占有的土地分配給貧苦的農民。

百姓們有了地，就有了糧，就有了維持生存的根本，此時(shí)的他們更加深刻地認識到，只有中國共產(chǎn)黨才真正心系人民群眾。

后來(lái)，僅1000多萬(wàn)人口的“北滿(mǎn)地區”，就有40萬(wàn)農民自愿加入共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導的軍隊，這很快改變了東北戰場(chǎng)的力量對比。

而反觀(guān)國民黨抓壯丁的強制征兵行為，解放軍的士氣自然遠遠壓倒敵人，逐漸地，一些國民黨軍隊甚至成建制地投誠。

土地改革運動(dòng)不僅是一場(chǎng)提高國內生產(chǎn)力的經(jīng)濟運動(dòng)，更是一場(chǎng)人民解放運動(dòng)，這場(chǎng)運動(dòng)也極大提高了中國共產(chǎn)黨奪取政權的可能性。

隨著(zhù)解放戰爭的節節勝利，新的解放區必須著(zhù)手建立新政權。

而在建立新政權的過(guò)程中，創(chuàng )造于抗日戰爭時(shí)期陜甘寧邊區的“豆選”再一次讓基層群眾實(shí)現了當家做主。

美國記者斯特朗在延安采訪(fǎng)時(shí)，一位勞動(dòng)模范老楊對她說(shuō)，“新社會(huì )和舊社會(huì )最大的不同是舊社會(huì )沒(méi)有選舉，而在新社會(huì )每個(gè)人都能投票”。

沒(méi)有民主就沒(méi)有社會(huì )主義，只有實(shí)行真民主才能得到真民心。

與國民黨在抗戰勝利后聚“國難財”、爭官銜相比，共產(chǎn)黨人則表現出對名利的淡泊和事業(yè)的忠誠。

1955年，彭德懷、羅榮桓等人聽(tīng)說(shuō)自己被評為“大元帥”的消息時(shí)，他們紛紛直言謝絕；劉少奇、周恩來(lái)也紛紛表示不參加評定軍銜；許光達作為一名高級將領(lǐng)甚至提出降銜，后來(lái)考慮各種因素，還是授予其大將軍銜，但在許光達的一再要求下，給他降低了一級工資；徐立清曾在解放戰爭初期擔任正兵團級職務(wù)，屬于正兵團級將領(lǐng)，按理授予上將，但是在確定授銜名單時(shí)，他先后給軍委領(lǐng)導寫(xiě)了十多封信，堅決要求降銜。

毛澤東表?yè)P說(shuō)：“不簡(jiǎn)單哪，金錢(qián)、地位和榮譽(yù)可以看出一個(gè)人的思想和品格，古來(lái)如此！”

在中國人民革命軍事博物館解放戰爭的展廳中，“人民的勝利”五個(gè)燙金大字十分醒目。

展廳內一座“人民支前”浮雕，刻畫(huà)了人民群眾與人民解放軍勠力同心、并肩戰斗的生動(dòng)場(chǎng)景。

歷史可以過(guò)去，但不會(huì )被人遺忘，中國共產(chǎn)黨的歷史就是一場(chǎng)為人民奮斗、謀幸福的歷史。

正如中共中央總書(shū)記習近平所說(shuō)，有了民心所向、民意所歸、民力所聚，人民軍隊就能無(wú)往而不勝、無(wú)敵于天下，人民軍隊必須牢記全心全意為人民服務(wù)的根本宗旨，任何時(shí)候任何情況下都做人民子弟兵。

Why did the CPC Win the War of Liberation?

On the Monument to the People's Heroes standing at the heart of Tian'anmen Square in Beijing carved a line:

“Eternal glory to the people's heroes who laid down their lives in the People's War of Liberation and the people's revolution in the three years!”

The three years is a magnificent epic of the unyielding struggle of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) in the War of Liberation, recording the Chinese nation's commitment to fight for the country and its people.

Why was the Communist Party of China (CPC) able to win such a great victory in the War of Liberation?

Here lies the root: The victory of an army relies on the people.

During this war, with the strong support of the Chinese people, the CPC gained enormous strength, thereby finishing the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang and establishing the People's Republic of China.

In 1946, just before the war, the Kuomintang had overwhelming advantages not only in the number of troops but also in weaponry and other things.It was even backed by the United States.

So Chiang Kai-shek had full confidence that the CPC would soon be eliminated.

But history chose to stand on this seemingly "weak" side.

What was the reason behind that contrast?

How did Chiang Kai-shek waste the precious window of opportunity?

The oral history told by Zhang Xueliang in his late years gives us the answer.He believed that it is because the CPC conformed to public opinion that it could grow up and thrive.

When the Kuomintang military leaders were busy enriching themselves, squeezing the people and involved in rivalries with different factions of their party,

the CPC proposed a slogan, "All the cadres who may go to the countryside for work should go deep to the rural areas."In the eyes of the PLA, their logistics department was composed of ordinary people。

As Wang Shuzeng, a military writer, recalled in an interview,

when the Huaihai Campaign started, an old villager joined the supporting troops.

He trundled a wheelbarrow for about 100 miles to transport shells to the PLA.

In the rainy days, he would take off his clothes and put them over the shells, in case that they would misfire if getting damped.

Finishing the transport task,he didn't rush to come back home before the shells were fired to enemies.

At that time, the transport of military goods and materials to the frontline largely relied on ordinary people, who carried them on their shoulders or backs and by their carts.

After the founding of New China, when the commander of Huaihai Campaign Chen Yi was questioned how they won this battle,

he said that it was the ordinary people who trundled wheelbarrows to help them win.

Due to years of war, China's economy has been greatly damaged with extremely low agricultural productivity, which needs to be restored and rebuilt. To protect the survival interests of farmers, the CPC proposed to tackle the problem related to farmers' land.

The CPC Central Committee issued "the May Fourth Instructions" on May 4, 1946, declaring that they would change the policy of reducing rents and interest, and distribute the land occupied by landlords to poor farmers.

Once the people had land, they would produce food. That would be the basis for their survival.

And the people further learnt that only the CPC cared for them in the true sense.

Later on, in northeastern China with a population of over 10 million, 400,000farmers volunteered to join the army led by the CPC, which soon changed the power structure of the battlefield there.

The Kuomintang, in contrast, forced young men into conscription. So the morale of the PLA was far higher than the Kuomintang; gradually, some troops of the latter even surrendered in an organized way.

The land reform was not only an economic revolution that boosted national productivity, but also a liberation movement for the Chinese people, thereby enhancing the likelihood for the CPC to seize the ruling power.

As the CPC gained a succession of victories in the War of Liberation, new governments had to be established at the newly liberated areas.

During this process, the "bean ballot" created in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region in the anti-Japanese war enabled the local people to be the true masters of the country again.

When the American reporter Anna Louise Strong was doing interviews in Yan'an, a model worker surnamed Yang told her,

"The biggest difference between the old society and the new one is that there was no election in the old society, but in the new society everyone can vote."

Without democracy, there will be no socialism; only the real democracy can win people's hearts.

While the Kuomintang members were making profits from the disaster and fighting for the ranks after the victory over Japan, the CPC members showed their indifference to wealth and fame, and loyalty to their career.

In 1955, when Peng Dehuai and Luo Ronghuan,among others,heard that they would be awarded the rank of grand marshal, they all politely declined the rank.

Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai also refused to accept any ranks.

As a senior military officer, Xu Guangda even asked for demotion.

With various factors considered, he was still awarded the rank of senior general.

But his salary was one level lower at his repeated request.

Xu Liqing, once the general at the regiment level when the War of Liberation started,should have been granted the rank of general. But when the Central Military Commission (CMC) was confirming the commission list, he wrote over 10 letters to the CMC leaders and insisted on demotion.

Mao Zedong praised him, "So marvelous! We can tell a person's thoughts and morals from his attitudes towards wealth, status and honor. It's always been so since ancient times."

In the exhibition hall about the War of Liberation in the Military Museum of Chinese People's Revolution, there are five remarkable golden Chinese characters, "人民的勝利," meaning "People's Victory" in English.

A relief called "People Supporting the Frontline" in the hall vividly depicts the scene of the people and the PLA fighting together.

History represents the past, but will not be forgotten. The history of the CPC is a history of fighting for the people and their welfare.

As Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, once said, the people's army will conquer all as long as they strive for the common aspirations of the people and are supported by the people. They must bear in mind their responsibility of serving the people whole heartedly.They are the people's army at all times and under all circumstances.

《紅星何以照耀中國》 / 中國網(wǎng)出品

出品人 / 王曉輝

總監制 / 楊新華

總策劃 / 蔡曉娟

執行策劃 / 蔣新宇

專(zhuān)家顧問(wèn) / 陳述中共中央黨校教授陳中奎中國人民解放軍國防大學(xué)副教授

導演 / 仇俊博

編導 / 申罡時(shí)暢郭澤涵魯波孔竟澤

設計 / 顧榕楠

制作 / 馬躍

翻譯 / 汪瑋李秀宇

攝影 / 陶世欣毛歡東